RÍKARDÓ MAŘTINELLÍ

Úr Metapedia
Stökkva á: flakk, leita

RÍKARDÓ ALBEŘTÓ MAŘTINELLÍ BERROKAL, FÆDDUR MAŘS EDLEFDA 1952 ER KAUPSÍSLUMAÐUR SEM GJEGNIR EMBÆHDI FEŘTUGASDA OCH NÍUNDA FOŘSETA PANAMA OC HEVUR GJENGT ÞVÍ EMBÆHDI FRÁ 2009.

Early life

Born in Panama City, Ricardo Martinelli is the son of Ricardo Martinelli Pardini and Gloria Berrocal Fabrega.[1] His father is of Italian descent, and his mother is of Spanish descent.[2] He completed his secondary education at Staunton Military Academy in Staunton, Virginia, in the United States. In 1973 he graduated with a Bachelor of Business Administration degree from the University of Arkansas.[3] He earned a Master of Business Administration degree from the INCAE Business School in 1977, graduating from its campus in Nicaragua.[4]

Business career

Martinelli is the president and director of the board of Panamanian supermarket chain Super 99[1] and of two other companies; he sits on the boards of at least eight other companies.Snið:Citation needed

Politics

During the presidency of Ernesto Pérez Balladares, Martinelli served as Director of Social Security from 1994 to 1996.[3] From September 1999 to January 2003, during the presidency of Mireya Moscoso, he served as chairman of the board of directors of the Panama Canal and as the Minister for Canal Affairs.[3]

Martinelli is the president of the Democratic Change party, which was founded in May 1998.[1][3] He led the party and was the presidential candidate during the 2004 general election, when his party came last; Martinelli received 5.3% of the vote and came in fourth place in the election.[5]

Martinelli was the leader of Democratic Change and presidential candidate in the 2009 general election.[1] He promised to cut political corruption and reduce violent crime and spent an estimated $35 million on promoting his campaign. By election day, Martinelli was the favorite to win the election, with opinion polls gaving him a double-digit lead over the ruling Democratic Revolutionary Party (PRD)–People's Party coalition.[5] He had the support of the Alliance for Change, a group of political parties that includes his own Democratic Change party, the Panameñista Party, the Nationalist Republican Liberal Movement, and the Patriotic Union Party.[1]

His main opponent was PRD candidate Balbina Herrera. Though initially the favorite,[3] she was damaged in the election by her links to former military ruler Manuel Noriega[6] and by the perception that she was a "Chavista", a supporter of leftist Venezuelan president Hugo Chavez.[7] Martinelli was also helped by strong support from the business community.[3]

On May 3, 2009, Martinelli won the national election by a landslide, with over 60% of the votes, compared to Herrera, who received about 36%. Former president Guillermo Endara finished a distant third.[7] This was the second-largest majority in Panamanian history and the largest since 1989.[8] Martinelli's victory was an exception to a trend of victories for left-leaning Latin American candidates.[6] He was sworn in on July 1, 2009.[9]

Presidency

Martinelli introduced a number of measures designed to alleviate poverty, including a $100 monthly pension for the elderly, an increase in the minimum wage, and subsidies for students to meet the cost of uniforms and supplies.[10]

Twice during his first year in office, Martinelli proposed and signed into law tax reforms to simplify filings, reduce rates, and improve collection. The number of income brackets was reduced from five to two, the corporate tax rate was cut to 25%, and delinquent collection was outsourced.Snið:Citation needed A spokesperson for Fitch Group stated that the tax reform "underpin[ned] the government's commitment to sustainable fiscal policies."[11]

As of 2010, Martinelli's administration also planned to spend $20 billion over the next four years on infrastructure designed to enhance Panama's role as a global logistics hub and increase foreign direct investment.[12] The plan includes greater investment in roads, hospitals, sewers, schools, and a Panama City metro.[13] Fitch Group called the "ambitious public investment program" part of "Panama's highly favorable investment cycle."[14]

Martinelli also oversaw the final approval of the Panama–United States Trade Promotion Agreement, which was signed more than two years before he took office but had not been finalized. Martinelli had designated the completion of this agreement as his top priority upon taking office.[15] The agreement was ratified by the US Congress on October 13, 2011.[16]

In 2010, Panama's sovereign debt rating was upgraded to "investment grade" by Fitch, Moody's, and Standard & Poor's.[17] Fitch had upgraded Panama twice[14] since Martinelli took office, and Standard & Poor's followed its upgrade with a revised "positive" outlook.[18] The Fitch upgrade was described as "a victory for conservative President Ricardo Martinelli, who has pushed two tax reforms through Congress since taking office".[19] In 2011, however, The Economist described the foreign investment as still hurt by "doubts about the rule of law", citing suspected corruption in the bidding for the metro contract and the flooding of a wealthy Panama City neighborhood with sewage due to a lack of enforcement of planning laws.[13]

Martinelli has been criticized during his presidency for authoritarian tactics. He sought to reduce the time period before the president could run for re-election and was accused of tampering with the Supreme Court.[13][20] In August 2009, the US Ambassador to Panama, Barbara J. Stephenson, wrote to the US State Department that Martinelli had asked her for wiretaps on his political opponents, and she complained of his "bullying style" and "autocratic tendencies".[21] A copy of the cable was released in December 2010 by WikiLeaks. After the leak, Martinelli's administration said that "help in tapping the telephones of politicians was never requested" and that Stephenson was "mistaken" in her interpretation.[21]

Initially popular, Martinelli's approval ratings fell by 2012.[22] In December 2011, former military ruler Manuel Noriega was extradited from France to Panama by Martinelli's government. Critics charged that Martinelli had requested the extradition to turn public attention away from administration scandals, an accusation denied by the French and Panamanian governments.[23] A May 2012 poll by Unimer reported that 55% of Panamanians rated Martinelli a "bad" or "very bad" president, a record low. His popularity had been harmed by corruption scandals, including a claim that he had taken bribes from Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi's aide Valter Lavitola.[22]

Honors

On February 20, 2010, the University of Arkansas established the Ricardo A. Martinelli Berrocal Scholarship to provide financial aid to prospective University of Arkansas students from Panama. He was also presented with the Citation of Distinguished Alumnus award and was made an official ambassador of the State of Arkansas by Governor Mike Beebe.[24]

Private life

In 1978, Martinelli married Marta Linares, with whom he has three children: Ricardo Martinelli Linares, Luis Enrique Martinelli Linares, and Carolina Martinelli Linares.[25]

References

Snið:Reflist

External links

Snið:Commons category

Snið:S-start Snið:S-off Snið:S-bef Snið:S-ttl Snið:S-inc Snið:S-end

Snið:Presidents and heads of state of Panama Snið:Heads of State in Central America Snið:Heads of State of the South America

Snið:Authority control

Snið:Persondata

  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 Snið:Cite news (English Translation)
  2. ↑ Barcelona Center for International Affairs: "Ricardo Martinelli Berrocal" retrieved August 17, 2013 |Hijo de los señores Ricardo Martinelli, de ascendencia italiana, y Gloria Berrocal, de ascendencia española, nació en la capital del país pero se crió fundamentalmente en Soná, distrito de la provincia de Veraguas
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 3,4 3,5 Anthony G. Craine. Ricardo Martinelli. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 4 November 2012. Retrieved on 4 November 2012.
  4. ↑ Fernando Lara S. (May 24, 2009). Panama president-elect criticizes "populist" governments in Nobody Speaks Latin America. La Nacion. Snið:Subscription required. Retrieved on 7 November 2012.
  5. ↑ 5,0 5,1 Snið:Cite news
  6. ↑ 6,0 6,1 Super 09; Panama's presidential election. The Economist. Snið:Subscription required (May 9, 2009). Retrieved on November 4, 2012.
  7. ↑ 7,0 7,1 Sara Miller Llana (May 3, 2009). Conservative supermarket tycoon wins Panama vote. Christian Science Monitor. Snið:Subscription required. Retrieved on November 4, 2012.
  8. ↑ Lina Vega Abad (May 4, 2009). Cifras, techos y realidades (Spanish). La Prensa. Archived from the original on November 4, 2012. Retrieved on March 4, 2009.
  9. ↑ Supermarket tycoon sworn in as Panama president. CNN (July 2, 2009). Archived from the original on November 4, 2012. Retrieved on November 4, 2012.
  10. ↑ Split with the past: with Panama's Ricardo Martinelli and EL Salvador's Mauricio Funes both Looking to be paradigms for successful government in the Americas, will ideology take a backseat to ruling from the center?. Latin Trade (January 1, 2010). Archived from the original on November 4, 2012. Retrieved on November 6, 2012.
  11. ↑ Fitch Upgrades Panama's L-T Foreign & Local Currency IDRs to 'BBB-'; Positive Outlook. Fitch Group via Business Wire (March 23, 2010). Archived from the original on November 4, 2012. Retrieved on November 6, 2012.
  12. ↑ Andres R. Martinez and Jens Erik Gould (April 30, 2010). Panama's Infrastructure Spending to Help Economy Grow 6%, Martinelli Says. Bloomberg. Archived from the original on November 4, 2012. Retrieved on November 4, 2012.
  13. ↑ 13,0 13,1 13,2 A Singapore for Central America?. The Economist (July 14, 2011). Archived from the original on November 4, 2012. Retrieved on November 4, 2012.
  14. ↑ 14,0 14,1 Fitch Upgrades Panama's Ratings to BBB; Outlook Revised to Stable. Fitch Group (June 2, 2011). Archived from the original on November 4, 2012. Retrieved on November 4, 2012.
  15. ↑ Mica Rosenberg (May 4, 2009). Panama's president-elect to push US trade deal. Reuters. Archived from the original on November 4, 2012. Retrieved on November 4, 2012.
  16. ↑ Jim Abrams (October 13, 2011). Congress passes 3 free trade agreements. Associated Press Snið:Subscription required. Retrieved on November 4, 2012.
  17. ↑ Eric Sabo (June 9, 2010). Panama Raised to Investment Grade by Moody's, Matching Moves by S&P, Fitch. Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 4 November 2012. Retrieved on 4 November 2012.
  18. ↑ The Republic of Panama's Sovereign Rating Outlook Revised to Positive from Stable on Stronger Growth (PDF). Standard & Poor's (July 21, 2011). Archived from the original on November 4, 2012. Retrieved on November 4, 2012.
  19. ↑ Fitch: Panama's debt now investment-grade. BusinessWeek (March 24, 2010). Archived from the original on November 4, 2012. Retrieved on November 6, 2012.
  20. ↑ Juan Forero (July 22, 2012). Latin America's new authoritarians. The Washington Post. Archived from the original on November 4, 2012. Retrieved on November 4, 2012.
  21. ↑ 21,0 21,1 William Booth (December 27, 2010). Mexican request for U.S. help in drug war detailed. The Washington Post. Snið:Subscription required. Retrieved on November 4, 2012.
  22. ↑ 22,0 22,1 Louisa Reynolds (June 14, 2012). President Ricardo Martinelli is Panama's most unpopular president, says recent poll. NotiCen Snið:Subscription required. Retrieved on October 29, 2012.
  23. ↑ Randal C. Archibold (December 11, 2011). Noriega Is Sent to Prison Back in Panama, Where the Terror Has Turned to Shrugs. The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 4, 2012. Retrieved on November 4, 2012.
  24. ↑ Snið:Cite news
  25. ↑ Ricardo Martinelli. Telemetro. Archived from the original on August 31, 2012. Retrieved on August 31, 2012.
Sótt frá „http://is.metapedia.org/m/index.php?title=RÍKARDÓ_MAŘTINELLÍ&oldid=2552“